课程名称：国际经贸英语阅读                                     课程代码：1148
第一部分  课程性质与自考本科目标
一、 课程性质与特点
《国际经贸英语阅读》是高等教育自学考试英语（国际经贸方向）专业本科段必考的核心课程，是一门理论联系实际，应用性较强的课程。
本课程针对本科英语专业学生具有了较高的基础英语水平，却不能在某个专业领域有效地展开理解、翻译和交流的弱点，编辑了大量的有关外贸用途的英语阅读，内容涉及：基础经济学知识、基础金融学知识和外贸进出口业务知识。在词汇、用语和语言结构等方面体现了鲜明的专业特点，集知识性、新颖性和实用性于一体，既系统的传授了外贸知识，又训练了学生的英语能力。
二、 课程目标与基本要求
本课程着眼于外贸类复合型人才的培养方向，通过本课程的学习，在学习经贸知识的同时，通过各种语言现象，进一步巩固并提高考生在基础英语阶段所学到的语言知识和技能，结合具体的经贸内容，有针对性地扩大考生的词汇量，培养考生阅读理解有关经贸教材的能力和用英语表达有关内容的能力。
三、 与本专业其他课程的关系
本课程与其他英语课程的总体培养目标是一致的。各种基础英语课程是本课程的先修课程，自考者必须首先通过基础英语，较好地掌握英语语音、语法，具备一定的词汇量，才能比较顺利地进行本课程的学习和考试。另一方面，学习本课程也十分有利于印证、巩固、加强和提高在基础英语课程中学到的英语技能和知识，与有关专业其他经贸英语课程相辅相成（如进出口贸易实务、涉外营销谈判策略），从不同的角度和层次使考生对英语在对外经济贸易领域的运用有一个立体的多方面的了解。考生通过这些有关课程后才能初步用英语从事有关对外经贸工作。
第二部分  考核内容与考核目标
Lesson1 what is economics
一、学习目的和要求
了解经济的一般含义，微观经济学和宏观经济学研究的范围及其相互关系。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Economics（一般）
  理解：the definitions of economics
    2、Microeconomics and macroeconomics.（一般）
      理解：what microeconomics studies
            what macroeconomics studies
the relationships between microeconomics and macroeconomics.
（二）生词与短语
pace, aspect, inflation, taxation, conflict, maximize, analyze, trend, barrier, scarce, commodity, distribute, focus on, strategy, transaction, marginal, aggregate, surplus, participant
（三）经贸术语
unemployment, microeconomics, macroeconomics, marginal analysis, money supply

Lesson2  To satisfy human wants by using economic resources
一、学习目的和要求
熟悉经济资源的一半范围，知道最基本的三个经济学问题。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Economic resources （一般）
  识记：The main economic resources
2、The three basic economic questions that every society must answer?(次重点)
识记： what to produce?
理解： how to produce?
应用： for whom to produce ?
（二）生词与短语
division, cover, possess, category, assets, durable, renewable, sustainable, crucial, deplete, offset, recycle, quantity, decentralize, interaction, induce, gratification, fulfillment, manual, designate, enact, controversial, theoretically
（三）经贸术语
bond, stock, account, inputs, scarcity

Lesson3 Types of economics systems
一、学习目的和要求
熟悉两种最基本的经济体制。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Economic systems（一般）
  识记：The most basic types of economic systems
2、Planned system（次重点）
理解：In a planned economic system all the decisions will be decided by the central government.
3、 Market system（重点）
理解：In a market economic system, the decision-making is completely decentralized, with individuals making the decisions.
（二）生词与短语
comprehensive, utilize, complex, promote, motivation, misuse, merchandise, vital, maximize, minimize, inadequate, stem, debate, advertising
（三）经贸术语
planned system, market system, monopoly, monopolist

Lesson4  Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes
一、学习目的和要求
了解斯密和凯恩斯的主要观点。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、The view of Adam Smith （次重点）
理解：The essence of Smith economic philosophy was that an economy would work best if left to function on its own without government regulation.
2、 The view of John Maynard Keynes（次重点）
应用：Keynes demonstrated that it was possible for total supply and demand to be at equilibrium at a point well under full employment.
（二）生词与短语
moral, philosophy, thrill, recognition, germinal, endeavor, virtue, allocation, pervasive, amass, fortune, speculation, negotiation, mainstream, interference, equilibrium, assurance, transform, demonstrate, conventional
（三）经贸术语
The wealth of nations, invisible hand, laissez faire, the great depression

Lesson5  Opportunity costs and Marginal costs
一、学习目的和要求
了解机会成本和边际成本的概念，需要重点掌握。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Opportunity costs （重点）
  理解：The definition of Opportunity costs
2、Marginal costs（重点）
理解：The definition of Opportunity costs
（二）生词与短语
forgone, marginal, enroll, tuition ,idle, federal, convert, take…into account, timber, alternative
（三）经贸术语
opportunity costs, marginal costs

Lesson6  Sources of high productivity
一、学习目的和要求
了解高产出的四个必要因素。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
The most important factors contributed to high productivity （次重点）
识记：individual productivity,
incentives,
appropriate capital equipment,
market size,
new technologies.
（二）生词与短语
productivity, volume, demonstrate, comparative, combination, native, incentive, complicate, maintenance, managerial, foster, niche, lassitude, slackness, eliminate, optimize, forefront, instrumentation, expenditure, distribute
（三）经贸术语
economy of scale, employ benefits

Lesson7  Perfect competition and Monopolistic competition
一、学习目的和要求
了解完全竞争和垄断竞争两种市场结构。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Perfect competition is considered to exist only if the following four conditions are met （重点）
理解：There are many firms in the industry
Each firm is a price taker
All firms in the industry sell identical products
应用：There is a freedom of entry into and exit from the industry by firms
2、Monopolistic competition（一般）.
  理解：Monopolistic competition is more common
（二）生词与短语
perfect, monopolistic, ideal, identical, capacity, financial, alter, portion, appreciable, substitute, carrot, wholesaler, intensity
（三）经贸术语
perfect competition, monopolistic competition, price taker, full capacity

Lesson8  The characteristics of monopoly
一、学习目的和要求
了解垄断竞争的含义及其特点。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Monopoly （次重点）
识记：The definition of pure monopoly
2、 Monopoly and legal monopoly（一般）.
理解：The difference between monopoly and legal monopoly
（二）生词与短语
opposite, be composed of, substitute, barrier, sole, exclusive of, unique, synonymous, provision, grant, franchise, license, patent, confer, innovation, reap, copyright
（三）经贸术语
monopoly, franchise, license, patent

Lesson9  The characteristics of oligopoly
一、学习目的和要求
了解寡头垄断竞争的含义及其特点。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Oligopoly （重点）
识记：The definition of oligopoly.
2、 The characteristics of oligopoly（重点）
理解：The sources of the market power of oligopolies are barriers to entry
应用：To protect them from foreign competition, oligopolies often require the assistance of government.
识记：The prices of oligopolies tend to remain at a certain level.
Oligopolies are heavy spenders in the areas of market research, product design and advertising.
（二）生词与短语
dominate, precisely, band, incur, estimate, substantial, existence, mutual, budget, vice versa, subject to, sole, reinforce, temporary, commercial
（三）经贸术语
oligopoly, tariff, lay off, inelastic

Lesson10  The concept of aggregate supply and aggregate demand
一、学习目的和要求
了解总供给和总需求的含义，及其组成部分，熟悉AD曲线和AS曲线及其经济含义。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Aggregate supply and aggregate demand （次重点）
  识记：The definition of aggregate supply
        The definition of aggregate demand
2、The aggregate demand includes four categories（重点）
理解：consumption
Investment
识记：Government
Export
（二）生词与短语
concept, aggregate, capacity, depress, excess, boom, scramble, potential, availability, substantial, entity, constant, monetary, axis, sloping, pressure, represent
（三）经贸术语
aggregate supply, aggregate demand, supply curve, demand curve

Lesson11  The consumption, saving, investment Relationship
一、学习目的和要求
了解消费、储蓄和投资之间的关系及其各自对经济发展的贡献。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
Consumption, saving and investment（一般）
  理解：The relationship of consumption, saving and investment
（二）生词与短语
crucial, component, durable, aid, sacrifice, downturn, oblige, impose, accidental, mediate, lag, slump, anticipate, favorable
（三）经贸术语
investment, surplus, mandate, interest rate, real interest rate

Lesson12  employment and unemployment
一、学习目的和要求
了解劳动力及失业的含义，以及失业的三种类型。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Labor （一般）
识记：The definition of labor
2、The types of unemployment（重点）
识记：Frictional unemployment
Structural unemployment
Cyclical unemployment
（二）生词与短语
plus, homemaker, voluntarily, statistics, survey, representative, quit, overestimate, underestimate, frictional, dynamic, cyclical, seniority
（三）经贸术语
Labor force, unemployment rate, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment

Lesson13  what is full employment
一、学习目的和要求
了解充分就业的含义，以及不同国家失业率的基本情况。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
Full employment （次重点）
理解：The definition of full employment
（二）生词与短语
turnover, constitute, gravitate, disturbance, revise, attainable, substantially, tendency, paternalistic, incline, vocational, interpretation, vacancy
（三）经贸术语
full employment, natural rate of unemployment, utilization

Lesson14  The nature of inflation
一、学习目的和要求
了解通货膨胀的基本含义，及其对社会的各种影响。尤其是通货膨胀对经济的影响。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Inflation（重点）
理解：The definition of inflation
2、 Inflation and society （一般）
理解：How the inflation affects the society?
3、 Inflation and economy （次重点）
理解：How the inflation affects the economy?
（二）生词与短语
tolerate, moderate, devastate, athlete, irritation, impair, pension, provision, offset, vulnerable, protection, stagnation, erode, formation, erode, formation, mortgage, allowances, retrain
（三）经贸术语
inflation, the purchasing power, life insurance, economic stagnation, mortgage

Lesson15  Demand-pull inflation and Cost-push inflation
一、学习目的和要求
了解什么是需求拉动型通货膨胀和成本推动型通货膨胀，并知道这俩种类型之间的差别。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Demand-pull inflation（次重点）
  理解：What is Demand-pull inflation
2、Cost-push inflation（次重点）
  理解：What is Cost-push inflation
3、Cost-push inflation and Demand-pull inflation（次重点）
  理解：The difference between Cost-push inflation and Demand-pull inflation
（二）生词与短语
circulation, combat, boost, simplistic, bargain, resultant, resultant, spiral
（三）经贸术语
demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, the rate of inflation, monetary policy

Lesson16  The role of government
一、学习目的和要求
了解政府在市场经济中的地位和作用，以及政府是通过哪些途径干预市场经济的。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、The responsibility of government in the market economic system （次重点）
   理解：the government’s responsibility in the market economic system
2、 The role of government in the market economic system（一般）.
理解：What the government does in the market economic system.
（二）生词与短语
mistakenly, uphold, welfare, jurisdiction, pave, patrol, pollution, enforce, facilitate, subsidy, slump
（三）经贸术语
welfare state, private enterprise, minimum wage law, subsidy

Lesson17  Sources of government revenues
一、学习目的和要求
了解政府税收的来源，及每种税收形式的特点。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、The main types of tax（次重点）
应用：Taxes on income
理解：Taxes on spending
识记：Taxes on assets
2、tax on personal income（次重点）
  识记：The features of the tax on personal income
3、sales taxes（一般）
  理解：The main disadvantage of sales taxes
（二）生词与短语
revenue, levy, asset, tailor, progressive, prominent, disincentive, bonus, regressive
（三）经贸术语
personal income, sales tax, progressive tax, marginal tax rate, value-added tax, regressive tax, transfer payment

Lesson18  Money 
一、学习目的和要求
了解货币的概念及其基本功能。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Money（次重点）
识记：The definition of money
2、 The function of the money（次重点）
应用：a medium of exchange
理解：a store of value
理解：a standard of deferred payment
（二）生词与短语
In discharge of, attribute, acceptability, bronze, engrave, generalized, amplify, division, flexibility, exercise, bill, check, yardstick, apportion, savings deposit, fluctuation, efficiency
（三）经贸术语
double coincidence of wants, purchasing power, checking account, saving deposit, traveler’s check, medium of value, standard of deferred payment, demand deposit, treasury bills

Lesson19  Balance of payments 
一、学习目的和要求
了解国际收支平衡的含义，以及编制国际收支平衡账户的基本原则和重要组成部分。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Balance of payments （次重点）
  识记：The definition of the Balance of payments
2、General principles of the Balance of payments（次重点）
  理解：The two general principles of the Balance of payment
3、Important sections of the balance of payments（一般）
识记：current account
capital account
the official reserve account
errors and omission
（二）生词与短语
resident, principle, citizenship, subsidiary, entry, credit, pension, outflow, current account, capital account, liabilities, error, omission, render, remittance, surplus, deficit, the rest of something, artificially, ownership, creditorship
（三）经贸术语
Balance of payments, double-entry system, unilateral transfer, bookkeeping

Lesson20  Foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate 
一、学习目的和要求
了解汇率的三种表示方法和两种基本类型，并简单了解什么是即期汇率和远期汇率。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Quotation methods of exchanges rates （重点）
识记：direct quotation method
indirect quotation method
US dollar quotation method
2、The types of exchange rates（一般）
  识记：The types of exchange rates
3、Spot exchange rate（一般）
  理解：What is spot exchange rate?
4、Forward exchange rate （一般）
  理解：What is forward exchange rate?
（二）生词与短语
quotation, indicate, Zurich, Swiss franc, Deutsche mark, interaction, appreciate, depreciate, problematic, assume, guarantee, insure
（三）经贸术语
Foreign exchange rate, US dollar quotation method, spot exchange rate, forward exchange rate, at a discount, at a premium

Lesson21  Foreign exchange market
一、学习目的和要求
了解外汇市场的含义及其基本功能，并知道外汇市场的特点。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Foreign exchange（一般）
识记：The definition of the foreign exchange
2、The functions of the foreign exchange market（重点）
识记：currency conversion
insuring against foreign exchange risk
3、 The characteristics of the foreign exchange market（一般）
 理解：The characteristics of the foreign exchange market
（二）生词与短语
mechanism, convert, commercial bank, inter-bank, commission, incur, speculation, adverse, the adverse effects, elapse, fluctuate, Dutch guilder, lira, roundabout, take a roundabout way route
（三）经贸术语
foreign exchange, transactions exposure, forward and future contracts, foreign currency option, fixed rate

Lesson22  Exchange rate determination
一、学习目的和要求
了解影响外汇汇率的主要因素。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
The factors that affect the exchanges rate（重点）
应用：inflation
interest rates
理解：productivity
government policies
识记：other factors
（二）生词与短语
determination, forecast, proposition, identical, impediment, Frankfurt, predicator, yield, adjust, intervene, expansionary, rally, turmoil, exodus, overriding
（三）经贸术语
the law of one price, purchasing power parity theory, interest parity theory

Lesson23  The international monetary system 
一、学习目的和要求
了解国际货币组织制度的发展进程，及历史上主要的货币制度的特点。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、financial systems （一般）
  识记：Three principal types of financial systems
2、Gold standard（次重点）
  理解：The characters of the gold standard
3、Breton Woods System（次重点）
  理解：The characteristics of the Breton Woods System
4、Jamaica System（次重点）
  理解：The characteristics of the Jamaica System
（二）生词与短语
dramatically, emerge, predominant, parity, specify, variation, give rise to, abandon, commitment, embodiment, convertible, pool, peg, built-in, paradox, doom, accelerate, transmission, inevitable, deem, volatility, demonetize, diversify, spawn, unfetter, demerit, liquidity, agenda
（三）经贸术语
gold standard, fixed exchange-rate system, special drawing rights, adjustable peg system, the Tiffin paradox, flexible exchange rate, balance-of-payment, managed float

Lesson24  The money market 
一、学习目的和要求
了解货币市场的含义，以及在货币市场上使用的基本工具。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、The money market （一般）
  识记：The definition of the money market
2、The debt instruments in the money market（重点）
应用：banker’s acceptance
commercial paper
理解：treasury bill
broker and dealer loans
negotiable certificates of deposit
federal funds
repurchase agreement
（二）生词与短语
liquid, denomination, treasury bill, outstanding, accept, demand account, intermediation, redeem, hold on to something, deposit balance, reserve deficiency, excess reserve, repurchase agreement
（三）经贸术语
default, sales finance company, banker’s acceptance, commercial paper, par, promissory note, broker, buy on margin, call loan, negotiable certificate of deposit, federal funds, the federal funds market, federal reserve system, federal reserve bank

Lesson25  Tools of monetary policy  
一、学习目的和要求
了解政府为了调节货币市场上的货币数量而需要的一般性政策工具和选择性政策工具。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、The genera credit controls（重点）
应用：reserve requirements
discount rate
open market operations
2、The selective credit controls（次重点）
  理解：The selective credit controls
（二）生词与短语
volume, credit control, selective, moral suasion, listed, vary, potent, convert, scramble, conversely, levy, effect, psychological, prescribe, regulate
（三）经贸术语
depository institutions, listed securities, reserve requirements, margin requirement, money multiplier, excess reserve, legal reserve, reserve ratio, open market operations, portfolio, convertible bonds, common stock, marginal stock

Lesson26  The structure of financial markets 
一、学习目的和要求
了解劳动力及失业的含义，以及失业的三种类型。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Financial markets（次重点）
识记：The structure of financial markets
2、Primary market and secondary market（次重点）
理解：The definition of primary market
        The definition of secondary market
3、The two parts of the secondary market（一般）
识记：The two parts of the secondary market
（二）生词与短语
security, common stock, proffered stock, disclosure, relay, liquidity, brokerage firm, portfolio, position, undeniably, indispensable, life expectancy, market maker
（三）经贸术语
primary market, secondary market, investment bank, underwrite, syndicate, private placement, registered stock, floor trader, floor broker, specialist, odd-lot trader, round-lot trader, over-the-counter market, principal, listed stocks

Lesson27  The international monetary fund 
一、学习目的和要求
了解国际货币基金组织的目标和资金来源等基本内容，并知道特别提款权的含义。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、The objectives of the IMF （一般）
  识记： the objectives of the IMF
2、Finance resources for the IMF（一般）
  识记：The three finance resources for the IMF
3、The special drawing right （次重点）
  理解：What is the special drawing right?
（二）生词与短语
ounce, abandonment, stabilize, attain, subscription, trust fund, replenish, prime, surveillance, tranche, eligibility, empower, at will, justification, allocation, in proportion to something
（三）经贸术语
International monetary fund, Breton woods system, quota, reserve currency, gold tranche, facility, Compensatory and contingency financing facility, Buffer stock financing facility, oil facility, Trust fund facility, extended financing facility, supplementary financing facility, structural adjustment facility, systematic transformation facility

Lesson28  Introduction to international trade
一、学习目的和要求
主要了解国际贸易的起因及其种类。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、International trade（一般）
理解：The reasons why international trade occurs
2、The two most important categories in the international trade（次重点）
识记：Visible trade and invisible trade
（二）生词与短语
caveman, diet, Colombia, Guatemala, restrictive, scatter, deposit, Peru, Zaire, innovation, Sweden, derive, derive, primarily, visible, invisible, Greece, Nor-way, compartment, prudent, vulnerable, reimburse, Bahamas, crucial, impact, catalyst, shareholder, perspective

Lesson29  The advantage of international trade
一、学习目的和要求
了解国际贸易中绝对优势和比较优势的含义。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、absolute advantage （次重点）
  理解：What is absolute advantage？
2、comparative advantage （次重点）.
  理解：What is comparative advantage？
（二）生词与短语
at first sight, proficient, trace, advent, crux, prosper, classical, devote, reveal, Nicaragua
（三）经贸术语
absolute advantage, output

Lesson30  European economic community
一、学习目的和要求
简单了解欧洲共同体的发展过程。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、EEC? （一般）
  识记：the members of EEC
2、EEC member’s high economic growth rates? （一般）
  理解：What are the main reasons for the EEC member’s high economic growth rates?
（二）生词与短语
community, giant, enlargement, expansion, combined, equal, earnings, triple, inhabitant, recession, solely, foster, continued, spur, equipment, plow back, reinvest, dependence, gradual, removal, middle eastern oil, poultry, Portugal
（三）经贸术语
European common market, gross domestic product, EEC=European Economic Community, OPEC=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Lesson32  Barriers to international trade
一、学习目的和要求
简单了解贸易壁垒的类型及其内容。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、The two major barriers to free trade（一般）
识记：Tariff barriers and non-tariffs barrier
tariff barriers are more common.
2、 NTBs items（次重点）.
识记：The major NTBs items
（二）生词与短语
reserve, specialization, restriction, non-tariff, levy, boundary, differential, revenue, negative, withdraw, modify, escalation, assess, quantitative, impose, unilaterally, voluntary, allocate, subsidy, concession, procurement, launch, enterprise, globalization, ban, penetrate

Lesson33  Technology transfer
一、学习目的和要求
了解技术转让的含义，及国际间技术转让的过程。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Technology transfer （次重点）
识记：The definition of technology transfer.
2、 The process of the technology transfer（次重点）
识记：assessing the technology
patenting an patent management
marketing the technology
licensing
license management
reporting
（二）生词与短语
trademark, territory, abdicate, proprietary, dynamics, solicitation, sponsor, substantial, recipient, erosion, victimize, hostile, title, acquisition, tap, assume, via, desirability, marketing campaign, non-confidential, yield, guarantee, execution, milestone, royalty, reimbursable
（三）经贸术语
technology transfer, trademark, know-how, intellectual property, front-end technology, TTO=Technology Transfer Office, royalty

Lesson34  Business internet
一、学习目的和要求
了解电子商务的相关内容。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
E-commerce（一般）
  理解：Why does e-commerce become so popular?
（二）生词与短语
Interlink, protocol, transparently, multiple, defense-oriented, realm, comprise, collaborative, enhance, online, prospect, offline, awareness, evolve, stake, governance, affordable, access, display, vendor, fast-moving, robust
（三）经贸术语
tele-teaching, NIC=Network Information Center, e-commerce, cyber business, encryption,

Lesson35  Futures trading
一、学习目的和要求
了解远期市场上的远期交易的相关内容。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、Futures markets（一般）
  识记：The functions that should be played by futures markets
2、Cash transaction and futures trading（一般）
  理解：The difference between cash transaction and futures trading
（二）生词与短语
overview, speculator, benchmark, cash market, physical market, cash market, price discount, premium, grain elevator, middleman, miller, marketer, haul, margin, bushel, prevalent, real estate, lease, charge card, mortgage, subscription, auction like, trading floor, initiate
（三）经贸术语
cash commodity, hedge, futures contract, futures contract, futures market

Lesson36  Business negotiation 
一、学习目的和要求
了解商务谈判的内容及其重要意义，并熟悉出口商和进口商在谈判中的技巧。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、The common terms involved in negotiation（重点）
识记：Quantity, quality, price, package, means of transportation, payment, date and port of delivery, insurance, compensation and other necessary requirements.
2、 Strategies go get favorable price for exporters and importers（次重点）
识记：The main effective strategies go get favorable price，for exporters and importers
（二）生词与短语
prelude, mutually, sensitive, controversial, concession, aspect, strategy, profitability, after-sales servicing, relevant, confirm, assessment, equalize, artificially, legalistic, ceremonial
（三）经贸术语
after-sales servicing, market exclusivity, commission rate

Lesson37  contract
一、学习目的和要求
了解劳动力及失业的含义，以及失业的三种类型。
二、考核知识点
（一）经贸知识
1、contract （一般）
识记：The function of the contract
2、The classification of contract（次重点）
应用：sales contract
识记：counter-trade contract
leasing contract
engineering contract
foreign investment and joint venture agreement
transfer of technology agreement
future contract
（二）生词与短语
remedy, contractual, compensation, breach, enforceable, bear, faulty product, inquiry, transact, unconditional, acceptance, come into force, lesser, exclusive, lessee, option, on an international scale, implementation, retain, expire
（三）经贸术语
immediate exchange, counter-trade, barter, switch, offset, convertible, non-convertible, counter-balancing, licensing agreement, future trading, sales contract

另外，31,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49课的内容会在《进出口贸易实务》（英文）中进行详细的讲解，在此不再赘述。
第三部分  有关说明与实施要求
一、考核的能力层次表述
本大纲在考核目标中，按照“识记”、“理解”、“应用”三个能力层次规定其应达到的能力层次要求。各能力层次为递进等级关系，后者必须建立在前者的基础上，其具体含义是：
识记：能知道有关的名词、概念、知识的含义，并能正确认识和表述，是低层次的要求。
理解：在识记的基础上，能全面把握基本概念、基本原理、基本方法，能掌握有关概念、原理、方法的区别与联系，是较高层次的要求。
应用：在理解的基础上，能运用基本概念、基本原理、基本方法联系学过的多个知识点分析和解决有关的理论问题和实际问题，是最高层次的要求。

二、教材
指定教材：«新世纪经贸英语»  田耀  天津大学出版社  2001年

三、自学方法指导
1、在开始阅读指定教材某一章之前，先翻阅大纲中有关这一章的考核知识点及对知识点的能力层次要求和考核目标，以便在阅读教材时做到心中有数，有的放矢。
2、阅读教材时，要逐段细读，逐句推敲，集中精力，吃透每一个知识点，对基本概念必须深刻理解，对基本理论必须彻底弄清，对基本方法必须牢固掌握。
3、在自学过程中，既要思考问题，也要做好阅读笔记，把教材中的基本概念、原理、方法等加以整理，这可从中加深对问题的认知、理解和记忆，以利于突出重点，并涵盖整个内容，可以不断提高自学能力。
4、完成书后作业和适当的辅导练习是理解、消化和巩固所学知识，培养分析问题、解决问题及提高能力的重要环节，在做练习之前，应认真阅读教材，按考核目标所要求的不同层次，掌握教材内容，在练习过程中对所学知识进行合理的回顾与发挥，注重理论联系实际和具体问题具体分析，解题时应注意培养逻辑性，针对问题围绕相关知识点进行层次（步骤）分明的论述或推导，明确各层次（步骤）间的逻辑关系。

四、对社会助学的要求
1、应熟知考试大纲对课程提出的总要求和各章的知识点。
2、应掌握各知识点要求达到的能力层次，并深刻理解对各知识点的考核目标。
3、辅导时，应以考试大纲为依据，指定的教材为基础，不要随意增删内容，以免与大纲脱节。
4、辅导时，应对学习方法进行指导，宜提倡"认真阅读教材，刻苦钻研教材，主动争取帮助，依靠自己学通"的方法。
5、辅导时，要注意突出重点，对考生提出的问题，不要有问即答，要积极启发引导。
6、注意对应考者能力的培养，特别是自学能力的培养，要引导考生逐步学会独立学习，在自学过程中善于提出问题，分析问题，做出判断，解决问题。
7、要使考生了解试题的难易与能力层次高低两者不完全是一回事，在各个能力层次中会存在着不同难度的试题。
8、助学学时：本课程共5学分，建议总课时90学时，其中助学课时分配如下：

章 次  内 容  学 时
Lesson1 What is economics? 3
Lesson2 To satisfy human wants by using economic resources  2
Lesson3 Types of economic systems 2
Lesson4 Adam smith & john Maynard Keynes 2
Lesson5 Opportunity costs and marginal costs 3
Lesson6 Sources of high productivity 3
Lesson7 Perfect competition & monopolistic competition 3
Lesson8 The characteristics of monopoly 2
Lesson9 The characteristics of oligopoly 2
Lesson10 The concept of aggregate supply and aggregate demand 3
Lesson11 The consumption, saving, investing relationship 3
Lesson12 Employment and unemployment 2
Lesson13 What is full employment? 3
Lesson14 The nature of inflation 3
Lesson15 Demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation 3
Lesson16 The role of government revenues 3
Lesson17 Sources of government revenues 2
Lesson18 Money 2
Lesson19 Balance of payments 3
Lesson20 Foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate 3
Lesson21 Foreign exchange market 2
Lesson22 Exchange rate determination 3
Lesson23 The international monetary system 2
Lesson24 The money market 3
Lesson25 Tools of monetary policy 3
Lesson26 The structure of financial markets 3
Lesson27 The international monetary fund 2
Lesson28 Introduction to international trade 2
Lesson29 The advantage of international trade 3
Lesson30 European economic community 2
Lesson32 Barriers to international trade 3
Lesson33 Technology transfer 2
Lesson34 Business internet 2
Lesson35 Future trading 2
Lesson36 Business negotiation 2
Lesson37 Contract 2
合     计 90

五、关于命题考试的若干规定
(包括能力层次比例、难易度比例、内容程度比例、题型、考试方法和考试时间等)
1、本大纲各章所提到的内容和考核目标都是考试内容。试题覆盖到章，适当突出重点。
2、试卷中对不同能力层次的试题比例大致是：“识记”为15%，“理解”为65%，“应用”为20%。
3、试题难易程度应合理：易、较易、较难、难比例为2：3：3：2。
4、每份试卷中，各类考核点所占比例约为：重点占65%，次重点占25%，一般占10%。
5、本课程命题采用的基本题型包括判断题、填空题、选择题、简答题等。
6、考试采用闭卷笔试，考试时间150分钟，采用百分制评分，60分合格。

六、题型示例（样题）
（一）判断题(true or false)
1. In a perfectly competitive market, buyers and sellers are able to enter or leave the market.
2. Price will increase when demand increase faster than industry’s ability to satisfy that demand.
（二）填空题(fill in the blanks with words given below in proper form)
The market system is widely __ as being particularly able to increase or decrease production of items in __ to increases or decreases in demand, as producers seek to produce those items that are most __. For this reason, the market system is generally seen as being the system that best serves the interests of the consumer.
(Response  profitable  monopoly  serve  turn  reasonable  competition  possess  recognize price)
（三）选择题(choose the best answer)
Which one of the following would be most severely affected by inflation?
A. a professional hockey player                 B. an electrician
C. a retired steelworker living on a pension        D. an office clerk 
E. a college student who suffers or benefits from inflation
（四）简答题(questions)
1. What are the characteristics of the oligopoly?
2. What factors can shift the aggregate demand curve?
3. What determines the level of consumption spending?
4. What are the sources of government income?